Middleware vs Filters in ASP.NET Core (2025) – Execution Order, Differences & Use Cases

Introduction

Middleware vs Filters in ASP.NET Core is one of the most commonly asked topics in .NET interviews. Although both are used to handle cross-cutting concerns like logging, authentication, authorization, and exception handling, they work at different levels of the request pipeline.

However, they operate at different levels of the request pipeline and serve different purposes.

Many developers confuse these two concepts, and interviewers often ask:

When should you use Middleware and when should you use Filters?

This article explains Middleware vs Filters in ASP.NET Core in depth with execution flow, use cases, code examples, and interview tips.

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What is Middleware?

Definition

Middleware is a component that sits in the HTTP request pipeline and processes requests before and after they reach the MVC framework.

Middleware works globally for every request.

Request Flow

Request → Middleware → MVC → Middleware → Response

Key Characteristics

• Executes before MVC
• Works at application level
• Can short-circuit requests
• Handles cross-cutting concerns globally

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Middleware Example – Custom Logging

public class RequestLoggingMiddleware
{
    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;

    public RequestLoggingMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)
    {
        _next = next;
    }

    public async Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Request: {context.Request.Path}");
        await _next(context);
        Console.WriteLine($"Response: {context.Response.StatusCode}");
    }
}

Register Middleware

app.UseMiddleware<RequestLoggingMiddleware>();

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Common Middleware Use Cases

✅ Global Exception Handling
✅ Authentication & Authorization
✅ Request/Response Logging
✅ Caching
✅ Rate Limiting
✅ CORS

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What are Filters?

Definition

Filters are executed inside MVC, around controllers and actions.

They provide fine-grained control over specific endpoints.

Execution Scope

Middleware → MVC → Filters → Action → Filters → Result

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Types of Filters in ASP.NET Core

Filter Type	Purpose
Authorization Filter	Authorization logic
Resource Filter	Caching & short-circuit
Action Filter	Before/After action execution
Exception Filter	Handle exceptions in MVC
Result Filter	Modify action results

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Action Filter Example

public class LogActionFilter : IActionFilter
{
    public void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext context)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Before Action");
    }

    public void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext context)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("After Action");
    }
}

Apply Filter

[ServiceFilter(typeof(LogActionFilter))]
public IActionResult Index()
{
    return Ok();
}

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Common Filter Use Cases

✅ Authorization per controller/action
✅ Validation
✅ Logging specific endpoints
✅ Result manipulation
✅ Exception handling in MVC

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Middleware vs Filters – Key Differences

Feature	Middleware	Filters
Execution Level	Application	MVC
Runs Before MVC	✅ Yes	❌ No
Scope	Global	Controller/Action
Access HttpContext	✅ Yes	✅ Yes
Short-Circuit Request	✅ Yes	✅ (limited)
Best for	Cross-cutting	MVC-specific logic

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Execution Order (Very Important for Interviews)

Incoming Request
↓
Middleware
↓
Routing
↓
MVC
↓
Filters (Authorization → Action → Result)
↓
Middleware
↓
Response

Actual Order

1. Middleware (Incoming)
2. Routing Middleware
3. MVC
4. Filters (Authorization → Action → Result)
5. Middleware (Outgoing)

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When to Use Middleware?

✔ If logic applies to every request
✔ If logic is not related to MVC
✔ If you need early request interception

Examples

• Global exception handling
• JWT authentication
• Request logging

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When to Use Filters?

✔ If logic applies to specific controllers/actions
✔ If logic depends on model binding or action results
✔ If you need fine-grained control

Examples

• Role-based authorization
• Input validation
• API response formatting

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Middleware vs Filters – Real Interview Question

Q: Why not use Filters instead of Middleware everywhere?

Answer:
Filters run after Middleware and only inside MVC. Middleware is required for global concerns like authentication, CORS, and exception handling before the request reaches controllers.

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Best Practice (Production Rule)

Use Middleware for application-wide concerns and Filters for MVC-specific logic.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1. Is Middleware faster than Filters in ASP.NET Core?
Middleware runs before MVC and is generally faster for global logic because it avoids MVC overhead.

Q2. Can Filters replace Middleware in ASP.NET Core?
No. Filters work only inside MVC, while Middleware handles application-wide concerns like authentication and CORS.

Q3. Which is better for exception handling: Middleware or Filters?
Global exception handling should be done using Middleware. Filters are suitable only for MVC-specific exceptions.

Q4. Is this topic important for .NET interviews?
Yes. Middleware vs Filters is a very frequently asked question in ASP.NET Core interviews.

Read our detailed guides on Design Patterns & Dependency Injection in detail.